Ignore people saying "you can use PCIe to xyz adapters" No, you can't. There is no such adapter that supports DMA or legacy interrupts and ports properly. No modern operating system supports any of that hardware, you will need a period correct motherboard with a period correct operating system.

The longest card is a VLB disk controller, and you have a few serial and modem cards, with one VGA video card.

If you want a single motherboard that can support all of those cards, you'll need a very late 386 or an early 486 motherboard that doesn't have any integrated peripherals on it, and has VLB slots. Those are getting kind of scarce and expensive these days, and you always have to watch out for battery bombed boards that scammers are trying to pass off for too much money.

There are also some hybrid boards in the very end of the 386 era that used either the Cyrix 486SLC/DLC or the IBM 486SLC/DLC, which are much faster than a 386, but slower than a 486. Cyrix and IBM basically took the 386SX bus and slapped a 486 core on it for the SLC parts. These had a 16 bit bus and 24 bit address bus, so they were pretty limited. The DLC parts used a full 32 bit 386 bus, and were much faster, often encroaching into real 486 territory if you had L2 cache.

The serial and modem cards aren't going to be too interesting unless you still have a POTS line to plug into. Modern VOIP lines won't work with old modems because the compression they use on the audio stream corrupts the tones that the modem uses to communicate with. You can sometimes get really low baud rates to work if you're able to get into the configuration page of the VOIP box, but most VOIP providers generally don't want you mucking around with that.

You can always go the caleb retro route and make your own ISP using a PBX to make your own phone network, but that's a lot of time and headache to go through just to make a crusty old modem to work.