Do you prefer whole milk, semi-skimmed or skimmed?

It's rather hard to prove a negative, the paper you linked shows this in my opinion, very low, statistically insignificant correlations at best. In fact it literally says in the abstract: > it has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality and mortality from other causes. Half a century of of demonisation and trying to prove they are bad for you and we have nada. 50 years of research in any other field produces ground breaking advances but we can't even show a common food is bad for you outside of a weak correlation that disappears in other societies? Not great! Our bodies cells phospholipids are literally made out of half saturated fats, half mono-unsaturated. We need a tonne of saturated fat Beta-oxidation uses fats for energy and saturated is the most energy dense, whilst that doesn't make it healthy it seems like an odd evolutionary pressure to make the most energy dense source kill you. Even more so when you look at the the evolutionary path. Or closest ancestors convert fibre into saturated fat (a gorilla for example has a diet 60%+ saturated fat after it converts), we don't, we eat it directly. The current worry around heart disease comes from the fear saturated fat increases LDL. Which it sort of does, however LDL itself does not cause plaque build up. Small-dense LDL known as Pattern B, oxidises and forms plaque. Small-dense LDL is NOT increased from saturated fat consumption, but from increased sugar consumption. Saturated fat increases large-fluffy LDL. If we look at rural populations who consume diets incredibly high in saturated fat we see no increase[1](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002916523430390?via%3Dihub),[2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8450295) in heart disease. I could throw a load of papers at you showing no health issues from saturated fat, and even improvements in health for groups eating more of it. I think an actual discussion of the mechanics of more interesting than paper ping pong though.