Ship's bells sort of do this: https://www.westmarine.com/west-advisor/Ships-Bell-Time.html

Your names, however, may not work, since dawn, sunrise, sundown, etc, don't occur at the same time every day or in every location. As an extreme example, some northern locations now have midnight sun meaning the sun never sets.

While the concept of days is based on the Earth's rotation on its own axis and the concept of months is based on the lunar cycle and the concept of years is based the Earth's revolution around the sun, things like hours and minutes and seconds are somewhat arbitrary. The second is well-defined in the metric system, but its origin is still arbitrary.

So, there's nothing fundamental about 24 hours in a day. You could consider a different number of hours and name those for example